Conclusion
Characterization methods for inorganic nanoparticles in consumer products

Despite the ubiquity of inorganic nanoparticles in everyday products, knowledge regarding risk assessment for humans and the environment remains incomplete. Despite these gaps, regulations exist in both the cosmetics and food industries. However, they remain based on the precautionary principle. This lack of knowledge is primarily due to the difficulties encountered in analyzing nanoparticles. However, this article has demonstrated that a wide range of techniques is available to characterize them, including microscopy imaging techniques, fractionation techniques coupled with detectors capable of determining the size and composition of nanoparticles, and the single-particle ICP-MS method. Although microscopic techniques are clearly superior to other methods because they allow for the simultaneous visualization of isolated nanoparticles, aggregates, and agglomerates, sample preparation is complex, and...