Overview
ABSTRACT
To approach the notion of force sensors, one must examine how mechanical actions exerted on an object in movement or at rest are determined. It is therefore reiterated that a force is any cause able to change the at-rest or in-movement state of a material point or rigid solid to which it is applied. In this context, the role of sensors is to convert the value of the force to a usable scale or indication. Based on the type of measurements to be carried out, various principles of sensors are discussed. The article mainly discusses strain gage sensors, as they represent over 80% of the market for dynamometers.
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GAMAC : Group for the Advancement of Stress Analysis Methods (non-profit association under the French Law of 1901)
INTRODUCTION
After reviewing the definitions of key mechanical concepts—force, torque, and moment—this article describes the various principles behind sensors used to measure forces and torques.
Currently, strain gauge sensors account for more than 80% of the dynamometer market. These will therefore be examined in greater detail. For information on the principle of strain gauge measurement, readers may refer to the articles “Extensometry” and Strain Gauge Sensors in this treatise.
Sensors intended for robotics applications (dynamometric tables, tactile sensors, etc.) are not covered here, but are discussed in the article “Environmental Sensors in Robotics: Force Perception” in the treatise “Industrial Computing” (under the “Robotics” section).
This dossier consists of two parts. The second deals with torque measurement and multicomponent measurement systems.
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Force and torque measurement
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