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Bio-based plastics and recycled plastics are more and more often used in packaging in France and elsewhere. These materials are complementary to the virgin plastics of fossil origin. They bring new functionalities and added-value to plastic and flexible packaging. Studies all predict a growth of these plastics in the years to come, but the growth rate is still uncertain.This article describes the current situation, the determining factors of this growth and the principal initiatives taken in response to the challenge of developing bio-based and recycled plastics in packaging.
Biomass valorisation is at the heart of the energetic resources’ issues in the twenty-first century. Mainly regarding wet biomass, supercritical water gasification is an interesting process to produce a valuable energetic gas, due to its non-fossil origin. The operating conditions of supercritical water processes, the influence of the main conditions on the nature and conversion yield of this process are detailed in this paper. The most important laboratory pilots are presented, together with the first industrial developments.
The management of landfill and treated effluent from buried waste degradation is regulated by the ministerial decree of the 15th of February 2016. In a situation with zero environmental release of treated effluent, slow rotation coppice (SRC) plantations could offer a solution for the in situ discharge of treated effluent. This article presents the methodology and recommended good practices for managing an SRC plantation on marginal land such as a landfill site.
The ecological footprint of this Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is not limited to energy and climate problems but is also a consequence of the many rare or critical metals they contain. Recycling WEEE would work towards meeting the growing demand for mineral raw materials, while limiting their mining extraction. In a context of instability of international raw materials markets, this article focuses on a selection of metals contained in WEEE and on the various current and developing industrial pathways aimed at recycling them.
Inspired from Nature Based Solutions, eco-design of maritime infrastructures is one of the pragmatics, technically and economically, responses to achieve legal mitigation objectives, adapted to each environment and aesthetically concerns to the natural underwater landscapes. This article presents the bases for the realization of eco-designed maritime infrastructures functional and efficient in terms of civil engineering and ecology, to enhance its integration into coastal or marine ecosystems. The original methodological approach, for the realization of eco-designed projects, is supported by concrete examples. The development of maritime territories is depicted from the perspective of ecological transition and additional biological conservation targets supported by human infrastructures.
The depletion of natural resources, the increase in waste, the difficulty in sourcing electronic components and the obsolescence of products have become current issues that must be addressed to preserve the environment. One of the solutions proposed in the literature is to move to a circular economy, which is the opposite of the linear economy. The circular economy proposes a shift from a consumption and production paradigm to a "regeneration" paradigm. This solution, as defined in the literature, only applies to products designed to be regenerated in the technosphere or nature. However, many products are already on the market that do not meet the design criteria of the circular economy. These products can also be regenerated in the technosphere.
Composite materials with a polymer matrix are widely used in various industrial applications. However, their recyclability is still considered to be delicate and difficult due to their heterogeneity and the existing frequent usage of thermosetting and thus infusible matrixes. A priori, This aspect constitutes a hindrance to their greater penetration in certain markets. Indeed, certain users prefer easier to recycle alternative materials to composites. Regulatory pressure has encouraged industrialists from the composite materials sector to develop recycling and valorization solutions. Dismantling, recycling and valorization processes for such materials tend to be implemented within the various application sectors or transversally.
Connected Glasses are augmented reality devices that enable hands-free remote communication. This technology, which is still emerging in the workplace, raises questions about the risk of accidents when employees are walking while wearing connected glasses. An experimental study was carried out to analyse gait parameters. Significant disruptions to walking were observed under different conditions of use of several connected glasses’ models. These results lead us to issue a number of warnings to ensure user safety and are the focus of this article.
The paper aims at understanding the different existing technologies for the chemical and physico-chemical recycling of plastic waste. These promising technologies could allow to process hard-to-recycle plastic waste and produce high-quality recycled plastics. However, little information is currently available to compare these processes with each other and to assess their performance in economic or environmental terms. The uncertainties associated with these new technologies are also high given their early stage of development (often at pilot/demonstration stage).
Phosphogypsum (PG) generated during the manufacture of phosphoric acid from phosphate ore is classified in certain countries as waste or even hazardous waste. It is either dumped into coastal waters or stored in stacks. It is thus poorly exploited even though the latest scientific, technical and regulatory advances concerning its management and valorization have evolved. This article presents the analysis results of a set of documents published during the period 1995-2023, relating to the physico-chemical, radiological, ecotoxic and toxic characterization of PG, to the international regulations which govern its management and valorization around the world and to the recovery and use pathways making PG a valuable co-product.
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