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SummaryThis article deals with multifunctional porous materials recently developed from plant resources. After a brief review of the industrial importance of porous materials, the benefits of designing them from wood and the various substances present in lignocellulosic biomass, we present highly porous foams and gels derived from tannin, lignin or cellulose. We then look at carbonaceous solids derived from foams and gels, as well as wood itself. Potential applications for these new materials are described, all linked to the two major fields of energy and the environment. AbstractThe present article deals with multifunctional porous materials recently developed from vegetable resources.
Wood discovered during archaeological excavations shows a much degraded structure, due to the dramatic reduction of its biodegradable constituents, i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose, in subaquatic or terrestrial media. Waterlogging occurs after centuries of immersion. For conservation purposes, it is essential to consolidate these objects for subsequent handling, research or display in museums. This article describes the behavior of this unusual material, and all the operations needed for its stabilization and restoration.
Woodworking and carpentry are high-risk occupations owing to the extensive use of stationary wood-cutting machinery. Accidents or injuries are critical. Use of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) can help to secure motion skills and ensure safety of the worker. This article first presents VLE, with comparative examples and their application in motion skills learning. Specific requirements for wood-cutting machinery are developed, with presentation of our solution suite, developed in partnership with the French Vocational Institute (AFPA).
Wood, a material derived from trees, a living organism, intrinsically possesses natural properties (mechanical, physical, chemical, etc.) that are currently exploited in technological uses for multiple industrial sectors (construction, insulation, paper, furniture, etc.). But wood is also one of the first materials used by humans. Is there any trace left in humans of this ancestral relationship? It seems that human health benefits from the presence and use of wood in daily life (habitat, food, sensations, etc.). This article offers a synthesis of the main scientific works conducted on the subject since the beginning of the 2000s.
Conventionally, polyurethanes are synthesized by step growth polymerization of diols (or polyols) and diisocyanates (or polyisocyanates). The variety of isocyanates and polyols makes it possible to generate a wide range of materials with different properties. Despite the many advantages of polyurethanes, their synthesis can raise issues due to the toxicity of isocyanates. In order to limit the risks for producers and users, non-isocyanate polyurethanes have been developed. The synthesis of such non-isocyanate polyurethanes, as well as properties and applications, mainly as adhesives for wood, are described in detail in this article.
The article relates the use of citric acid by itself, in absence of adhesives, as a thermosetting wood binder for both veneer panels such as Laminated Veneer Lumber and plywood and for wood particleboard, as well as the use of the combination of citric acid with glucose and sucrose for the same applications. The types of reactions involved are presented. Applications to wood based panels as well as for improving the water resistance and wet strength of wood welding are also reported.
Among the uses of cellulose nanomaterials, polymeric nanocomposites are certainly the one with the strongest interest. This is related to the structural function of cellulose. With a high modulus and a large specific surface area, cellulose nanomaterials can significantly improve the mechanical properties of polymers. However, as for any nanomaterial, the homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles is difficult and presents a major challenge. This article describes the strategies for the processing of these nanocomposites described in the literature, as well as the properties of the obtained materials.
Cellulose is the structural component in plants, where it occurs as crystalline microfibrils that have axial physical properties approaching those of perfect crystals. This morphological feature allows the extraction of nanoparticles. Multiple mechanical shearing actions allow the release of variably individualized microfibrils. Longitudinal cleavage of these microfibrils can be achieved by a strong acid hydrolysis treatment. This article describes the processes for obtaining these nanomaterials, their morphology and their potential markets. A Young's modulus in the range 100–130 GPa and a specific surface area of several hundred m2.g-1 lend nanometric cellulose promising properties.
Advances in polymer synthesis allow the preparation of complex architectures such as dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers with terminal functional groups. These polymers are attracting the attention of researchers due to their high functionality, high solubility and low viscosity. They are known as being effective hardeners for thermosetting resins such as epoxies or vinyl ester… This article focuses on the use of different dendrimers and hyperbranched agents as resins modifiers for bonding wood, on one hand, and also as a crosslinking agent in tannin foams on the other hand.
The interest in nanocellulose has increased exponentially. During the last decade, this bio-based nanomaterial was essentially used in nanocomposites for its reinforcing properties. Its nano-scale dimensions and ability to form a strong entangled nanoporous network have encouraged the emergence of new high added value applications. Packaging is a potential application field of nanocellulose. Promising mechanical, optical and barrier properties are encouraging characteristics.
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