Cells and devices
Lithium ion batteries - Working mechanism, state-of-the-art and perspectives

Various small-sized devices are used at lab-bench scale to test the electrochemical performances of new materials or electrolytes. Apart from conventional electrochemical cells, two main types of devices are commonly used. The variability of results obtained from these lab-scale cells is around 15% and depends on several factors, including the operator, relative size and alignment of the electrodes, type of separator, and cleanliness of the cells used.