Conclusion
Organic photovoltaics — Aqueous-based fabrication

From a pragmatic standpoint, a transition to aqueous organic photovoltaics is not unrealistic. However, it is clear that new challenges arise when scaling up. The technological barriers limiting the large-scale deployment of organic photovoltaics remain similar whether the process is aqueous or organic: the cost of semiconductor materials and the stability of solar cells remain the key areas requiring further effort.

Nevertheless, there is good reason to remain optimistic about the future of organic photovoltaics and the aqueous approach. Over the past five years, major advances have opened the door to the production of high-efficiency aqueous solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 10%. Although currently limited to the academic setting, this strategy is also more easily implementable on an industrial scale due to its regulatory flexibility and economic advantages....