Synthesis of Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles
Organic photovoltaics — Aqueous-based fabrication

It is important to note that the introduction of polar and/or ionic functional groups enables the solubilization of semiconductor materials in an aqueous medium. However, these chemical modifications remain demanding and are applicable to only a limited number of materials.

Furthermore, they irreversibly alter their intrinsic properties, energy levels, aggregation, and surface tension. This results in modest performance once integrated into solar cells, with conversion efficiencies peaking at...