9. Logic and related disciplines

9.1 Logic and philosophy

The philosophy of logic is a branch of the philosophy of science whose aim is to analyze and define the foundations and concepts of logic. While formal logics have long been in the hands of mathematicians and, more recently, information theorists, philosophical logics, which are more informal, have been and are being dealt with by philosophers. After Aristotelian and Megaro-Stoic logic, several approaches to philosophical logic have emerged. Topical logic is based on heuristics that enable us to develop arguments that are initially plausible rather than rigorous. In the Middle Ages, topical logic became a theory of inference, as P. Abélard (1079-1142) sought to complete a theory of implication. Transcendental logic (Kant, 1726-1807) is a doctrine of pure concepts...