2. Laboratory equipment and industrial equipment

Ultrasound is generated using mechanical, piezoelectric, or magnetostrictive converters called transducers:

• Mechanical converters transform the energy of a liquid's flow into mechanical vibrations.

• Piezoelectric converters, also known as transducers, deform under the effect of an alternating electrical voltage, thereby producing mechanical vibrations.

• Magnetostrictive transducers operate in a similar manner, but their deformation is induced by a magnetic field generated by an alternating electric current.

These ultrasonic vibrations, once coupled with the other elements of the system, are transmitted to the reactor containing at least one liquid phase.

Transducers (Figure