2. Measurement techniques

2.1 Measuring cell

Low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy is first and foremost an electrical measurement. Particular care must therefore be taken with the measuring cell. The cell generally consists of two flat, parallel, circular electrodes between which the sample is sandwiched. Care must be taken to ensure field uniformity and to avoid surface and/or bypass currents.

In the absence of a guard, it is preferable for the thickness of the electrodes to be small compared with that of the...