11. International risks

All the above is to some extent exacerbated at international level, by which we mean activities that are far from the parent company. This applies first and foremost to expats and investments, including physical investments.

Ignorance of the host country's language, unfamiliarity with the "local" culture and family problems are all risks that expats need to manage with full knowledge of the facts; finding a job when they return "home" is not the least of the risks involved; out of sight, out of mind, as the saying goes, there's a risk of being forgotten!

Training on departure, a "reminder string" in the employment contract and careful research into the host country can avoid many pitfalls.

Investments and operations must involve "locals" who are familiar with regulations and customs. Patience is often sorely tested;...