3. Thermocatalytic conversion of biomass and waste into chemical carriers

3.1 Biomass and waste liquefaction processes

The term biomass refers to all living matter or matter derived from living organisms, whether plant or animal. Lignocellulosic and algal biomasses (microalgae, see Box 3) are ideal resources for sustainably replacing the fossil fuels and chemicals we use today, via petrochemicals and refining. Oleaginous biomasses containing lipids and carbohydrates are given less consideration in this respect, since their use as food, if possible, is preferred. However, after use, these oils can be recycled and are also a potential resource. Waste from all lignocellulosic and algal biomasses, sewage sludge, food waste, textiles and plastics also constitute a significant reserve with low environmental impact, but with the disadvantage of variability....