1. Energy mix : integration of renewable and fossil energies

Global energy demands have sharply increased, from several MWh/person in prehistoric times to over 50 MWh/person in developed nations today. Considering the inevitable decline in fossil fuel resources, associated cost increases (+791% in petrol prices from 2005 to 2022) and health and environmental impacts, transitioning towards a low-carbon energy mix is imperative. Massive deployment of renewable technologies for heat and electricity production is essential. By 2030, their additional annual capacity should triple, reaching +940 GW (a 70% increase vs. previous records), enabled by climate and energy security policies in approximately 140 countries