Conclusion

Recycling Lithium Batteries

Figure 1 - Composition of a lithium-ion battery, examples of organic solvents used and examples of lithium salts used

Figure 2 - Different lithium-ion cell assemblies (from [2])

Figure 3 - Battery assembly for the Renault Zoe (courtesy of François Orsini – groupe Renault)

Figure 4 - Chemical composition of a battery module (based on data [3])

Figure 5 - Estimation of orders of magnitude and equivalence of 2018 production and prospective estimates of annual battery production in 2028

Figure 6 - Examples of battery reuse (a) in Amsterdam&#039;s Johan Cruyff Arena, (b) in an energy production smoothing system – Fortum, (c) in a mobile electric vehicle charging robot – Mob Energy

Figure 7 - Principle of Umicore&#039;s converter process (from [12])

Figure 8 - Different options for pyrometallurgical treatment of batteries (after [13], Elsevier license, Journal of Power sources)

Figure 9 - Example of a lithium battery recycling process involving sorting and mechanical separation of blackmass followed by hydrometallurgical treatment.

Figure 10 - Examples of extractants used in the purification and selective separation of Mn, Co, Ni from sulfate solutions

Figure 11 - Examples of hydrometallurgical separation processes for blackmass leaching solutions (based on the process proposed by Solvay)

Figure 12 - Schematic representation of industrial syntheses of NMC-type lithium transition metal oxides

Figure 14 - Recycling processes since 2010