3. Conclusion

Despite the large number of studies conducted and projects funded in the field of biosorbents and biosensors for water analysis, and although these offer numerous advantages, very few systems have been commercialized to date, unlike bioassays (Microtox test). Most commercial biosensors are versatile and can be adapted for applications in various fields such as the environment, the agri-food industry, and primarily biological or medical analysis. The development of new biomimetic receptors (such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and aptamers) and catalytic nanomaterials helps overcome the fragility of biomolecules, which limits the use of biosensors in environmental settings