2. Phenomenological combustion models

These models can be used to calculate a heat release rate dQ _c /dt whose shape resembles that of real heat release, provided the model is given the right parameters. Indeed, all phenomenological models require a priori knowledge of the start and end angles of combustion, as well as a form factor m, in order to calculate the angular distribution of the energy input. Consequently, models based on this approach will never be predictive.

As the heat release in compression ignition engines is very clearly split into two phases (premixing phase and diffusion phase) for low and medium...