2. Working environment

Figure 1 - Main parts of a transmission. Example of a Borg-Warner synchronizer

Figure 2 - Different types of synchronizer

Figure 3 - Schematic description of the hub

Figure 4 - General hub appearance

Figure 5 - Schematic description of the player

Figure 6 - General appearance

Figure 7 - Synchronizer with two circular spring locks

Figure 8 - Different types of locking mechanism

Figure 9 - Schematic view of a synchro ring

Figure 10 - View of a synchro ring

Figure 11 - Radial grooves on the conical surface

Figure 12 - Circumferential grooves on the conical surface

Figure 13 - Receiver cone and wheel claw diagram

Figure 14 - Receiver cone and claw on wheel

Figure 15 - Operating fork diagram

Figure 16 - View of a shift fork

Figure 17 - Initial kinematic loop

Figure 18 - Zones of rapid change when shifting gears

Figure 19 - Contact zones

Figure 20 - Transmission diagram, grouped by function

Figure 21 - Diagram of two-shaft transverse gearbox (broken section)

Figure 22 - Three-shaft longitudinal gearbox diagram (broken section)

Figure 23 - Improved solution for longitudinal three-shaft gearbox (broken cut)

Figure 24 - Transverse gearbox with three non-coplanar shafts (broken cut)

Figure 25 - Diagram of a two-clutch transverse gearbox [45]

Figure 26 - Dispersion of measured change effort results [32]

Figure 27 - Definition of the Shinbata indicator [47]

Figure 28 - Defining the synchronization effort integral [33]

Figure 29 - Proposed chamfer angle zone [47]

Figure 30 - Effect of modifying the elasticity of the change mechanism [33]

Figure 31 - Simplified drawing of a synchro ring

Figure 32 - Simplified drawing of intermediate bushings

Figure 33 - Simplified drawing of a synchronizer hub

Figure 34 - Contact zones in the synchronizer

Figure 35 - Contact pressures

Figure 36 - Coefficient of friction variation for a molybdenum coating during use

Figure 37 - Variation of the coefficient of friction as a function of different parameters

Figure 38 - Coefficient of friction variation as a function of surface coatings

Figure 39 - Chamfer wear

Figure 40 - Friction cone wear

Figure 41 - Wear on a molybdenum-coated synchro ring

Figure 42 - Wear on a brass ring

Figure 43 - Wear pattern for tapered parts

Figure 44 - Wear pattern on conical surfaces

Figure 45 - Wear law

Figure 46 - Structure of a synchro bushing test bench [37]

Figure 47 - Complete synchronizer test bench [37]

Figure 48 - Synchronizer test bench with complete gearbox [32]

Figure 49 - Example of curves taken during a measurement