4. Conclusion

To summarize the above, safer by design for nanotechnologies is characterized by :

• a highly technical nature (need for specific instrumentation), which did not exist at the end of the 20th century;

• an awareness of the need to act with precaution, based on science, to try to minimize risks;

• very complex, due to the huge amount of data to be measured, with no proven methodology.

As you can see, research is abundant. Attempts to structure it through research clusters are accompanied by a European budget of almost 2 billion euros, but for the moment, the challenges are as follows:

• dose-response relationships are not linear: different doses can have different effects;

• Laboratory tests and...