5. Conclusions

Flames and industrial furnaces generally use turbulence to achieve very high heat release intensities. Their shapes are complex and very diverse, and their optimization, taking into account several criteria and constraints, is a delicate matter. Numerical "modelling" can now be used to improve the classical, empirical and global design method, taking into account the interaction between chemistry and turbulence.

We have described here the basic principles and equations of these methods, and given examples of the qualitative or quantitative results that can be achieved today. The first reference case, in which these methods have been most thoroughly evaluated, is the limiting case in which the chemical reactions of combustion are very fast compared with all other processes. They are already able to give the important effects of turbulence-combustion interaction,...