4. Geopolitics of energy in 2023: key players

In 2023, a few countries or regions will play a key role in the geopolitics of energy (figure 5 ). The United States is once again a major producer of oil and gas. Its reduced oil imports and LNG (liquefied natural gas) exports have largely transformed the world scene. Russia has considerable reserves of fossil fuels, and played a key role in supplying Europe until the invasion of Ukraine. It exports increasing quantities of energy to Asia. Asia, dominated by China and India, has considerable needs and limited resources (except for coal). Asian markets are now the focus of attention. Finally, Europe, or more precisely the European Union, the only region where consumption is stable or even falling, is nevertheless increasingly dependent on...