1. Lithium-ion battery technology

1.1 Operating principle

Li-ion battery operation is based on Li ⁺ ion intercalation/de-intercalation reactions that take place simultaneously at high potential in the positive electrode material and at low potential in the negative electrode material (figure 1 ). Within a crystallized material, the intercalation of a Li ⁺ ion consists in transporting (by diffusion) the latter within the material to a vacant site present in the crystalline...