5. Heat exchange with liquid-to-solid phase transition

The operating principle of an ECD with liquid-solid state change of the dispersed phase is similar to that of a liquid-liquid exchanger, but the flow regime is of the loose-bed type, with a low retention rate to avoid solidification at the injector and on the shell. The use of this type of exchanger requires greater technological resources in terms of operation, particularly with regard to the tracing (heating) of the injector maintained at a temperature higher than the temperature of the continuous phase, the separation of the phases and the evacuation of the solidified phase from the exchanger (paragraph 1.2.4