Conclusion

Cooling systems for temperatures below 1 K have undergone constant development and are now mature. The main methods presented here form the basis for commercial devices.

The choice of technology depends on temperature requirements, cooling capacity and operational constraints.

Recent developments in cryorefrigerators enable them to be operated without cryogenic liquids, considerably simplifying their use.

Although applications are mainly found in research laboratories, projects for cryogenic detectors at very low temperatures ...