2. Verification and validation in the literature

Validation is intrinsically linked to the scientific method. With the rise of the first computerized scientific calculations in the second half of the 20th century, verification methods also began to take hold. However, scientific literature dealing explicitly with V&V only began to appear in the 1980s, almost exclusively in the USA at first, under the impetus of state agencies (Space Agency, US Department of Defense). This period coincided with a very strong acceleration in simulations in solid and fluid mechanics, with theoretical developments in finite element methods in the 1970s, for example, beginning to spread to industrial R&D circles.

As these methods rapidly spread to less strategic industrial sectors (aeronautics, electronics, etc.), learned societies such as the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the ANS (American Nuclear...