Nature and classification of soils

This article addresses the fundamental differences and characteristics of rocks and soils in civil engineering geology. It highlights the complexity of rocks, which, despite their solid appearance, may have internal faults and fissures. Soils are described as dynamic entities composed of various elements, influencing key properties such as porosity and permeability. The article emphasizes the importance of technological advancements in understanding soil properties for the design and construction of secure structures. The distinction between in-situ and imported soils is crucial for foundation selection, with special attention given to the challenges of recent terrains. The alteration of in-situ terrains and the complexity of soil materials, including their stress state, granulometry, plasticity, solubility, and permeability, are also discussed, along with the implications of soil chemical characteristics on construction durability.