3. Global and constructive weldability

Welding processes fall into two broad categories, depending on the thermal energy introduced into the material:

• low-energy processes, such as coated electrode welding or semi-automatic gas-free welding (e.g. FCAW-S, flux-cored arc welding – self-shielded);

• high-energy processes, such as automatic submerged arc welding (SAW), where the heat input is more substantial, enabling better penetration and slower heat distribution.

Most of the problems encountered during welding are related to the appearance of cracks, which can occur either cold or hot, or be associated with internal structural defects such as lamellar pull-out.

• Using the IRSID abacus to estimate Δt (800–500 °C)

  The IRSID three-dial graph (figure...