6. Conclusion and outlook

The two main types of battery ageing model used in the automotive industry have been described here. The electrochemical and equivalent circuit models are the only ones that have demonstrated their ability to model a large number of very diverse and complex stresses. Both types of model have their advantages and disadvantages, but both require a large number of tests and measurements to implement. We have also seen that there are significant differences to be taken into account between an ageing model for a single accumulator and for an entire battery pack.

However, a lithium-ion battery or cell ageing model is generally developed for a single application – technology. For example, a tool modeling prismatic battery technology, NMC/graphite chemistry and a single electric vehicle application. However, it is sometimes necessary, or useful, to open up this modeling...