5. Measurements to characterize liquid behavior

We have just demonstrated the great diversity and complexity of conduction phenomena in liquids. It is therefore essential to simultaneously use sophisticated experimental techniques (Kerr's electro-optical effect, strioscopy, fast cinematography, spectroscopy), combined with electrical measurements, to distinguish between conduction due to volume-based mechanisms and that due to injection phenomena at interfaces. The various measurement techniques used include• Measurements of resistivity ρ and dissipation factor tan δ as a function of various parameters (temperature, frequency, etc.).