3. Phosphoric acid batteries (PAFC)

PAFCs (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells) experienced strong growth at the end of the last century, being marketed mainly for stationary cogeneration applications. Units with an electrical output of 100 to 250 kW were mass-produced by the American company ONSI Corp (a subsidiary of IFC/UTC and Toshiba), which produced its hundredth cell in 1997, and by Fuji in Japan. This technology has gradually been abandoned in favor of solid electrolyte fuel cells, such as the PEMFC (see article [D 3 340] ).

• The first demonstration of a fuel cell for stationary applications in...