2. Measurement shunt

The simplest method involves measuring the voltage across a resistor to determine the current flowing through it. This method is inexpensive and provides good accuracy at low frequencies. The measuring resistor and associated circuit must be temperature-stable and accurate, and free from parasitic terms (series inductance, distributed capacitance) and skin effects that degrade high-frequency response. Their main limitations are the absence of insulation, insertion losses when measuring high currents, and limited bandwidth at high frequencies. Various technologies are available, as described below.