State of the art

Supercapacitors

Figure 1 - Voltammograms of a commercial supercapacitor (Panasonic AL, 2.5 V, 1 F, RS &#61; 1 Ω) recorded between various potential terminals

Figure 2 - Supercapacitor charge and discharge curves

Figure 3 - Typical charging and discharging profiles at constant current

Figure 4 - Energy available (solid line) and consumed (dashed line) as a function of discharge current in RL for a supercapacitor

Figure 5 - Power available (solid line) and consumed (dashed line) as a function of discharge current for the same supercapacitor as shown in the figure.

Figure 6 - Impedance spectra of various equivalent circuits

Figure 7 - Ragone diagram corresponding to the supercapacitor in figures  and

Figure 8 - Ragone diagram comparing the performance of capacitors, supercapacitors and accumulators

Figure 9 - Schematic representation of supercapacitor operation using activated carbon electrodes

Figure 10 - Ragone diagram for supercapacitors on the market or under development