1. Background and overview of renewable energies connected to distribution networks

Renewable energies (RE) (particularly wind power and photovoltaics) are still making strong inroads into the public distribution network (PDS), thanks to a favorable public policy and feed-in tariffs that have kept the rate of growth virtually stable for several years. Wind power production has been rising steadily since 2005, and photovoltaic production since 2009 (figure 1 ). Over 90% of these renewable energies are connected to HV and LV distribution networks.