3. Context of portable and embedded applications

Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators defines portable batteries as any sealed cell or assembly that can be carried by hand. In this article, on-board batteries are defined as industrial batteries located in mobile systems such as vehicles.

Portable and on-board applications are characterized by mass and space constraints, since the equipment used must be easy to transport. This distinguishes them from stationary applications, for which mass and size are not necessarily priority criteria (renewable energy storage, power grid stabilization, security units, etc.) [D 4 030]...