2. Battery technologies

The development of battery technologies has undergone a spectacular evolution, particularly with the advent of lithium-ion batteries, which currently dominate the market. The first batteries, such as those invented by Alessandro Volta, laid the foundations for modern technology. Since then, innovations in materials, electrolytes and design have led to more efficient, lighter and safer batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries, in particular, have transformed the energy landscape thanks to their high energy density, low self-discharge and long life. These characteristics have made them ideal for a wide range of applications, from cell phones to electric vehicles. However, despite their advantages, they also present challenges, particularly in terms of safety and production costs. These challenges have led to the exploration of new technologies, such as "redox-flow" batteries,...