3. Modeling and characterizing these materials

For all electromagnetic composite materials, the electromagnetic characteristics - effective, real and imaginary permittivity and permeability, as well as conductivity - are the main properties to be estimated and measured. Propagation parameters such as impedances, optical index, reflection, transmission and absorption coefficients are then deduced. Full electromagnetic modeling of these materials, which has developed considerably in recent years, thanks to considerable progress in software, numerical methods and computers, very often makes it possible to obtain a good estimate of these quantities before the material is manufactured and characterized. Numerous software packages are available, both free and fee-based, to perform these simulations. In the article