Overview
FrançaisABSTRACT
This article presents electromagnetic composite materials with random structures and the different modeling methods that apply to them, according to their composition. Artificial materials with a periodic structure, metamaterials, and photonic crystals are then considered, beginning with two-dimensional materials, frequency-selective surfaces, high-impedance surfaces, and metasurfaces. Lastly, three-dimensional structures are presented. To conclude, some applications of these materials are presented.
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André DE LUSTRAC: University Professor, Paris Nanterre University - Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
INTRODUCTION
In this article, we take an initial look at random composite artificial electromagnetic materials made from mixtures of various elements that have constituent parameters of permittivity and permeability , which can be positive or negative, depending on their composition. Since the invention of radio in the early 20th century, and especially since the invention of radar in the 1930s, these materials have been increasingly used for their electromagnetic properties, and their ease of manufacture and processing. Various methods of simulating these structures make it possible to predict their electromagnetic properties. We will also see that these properties depend not only on their composition, but also on the geometry and electromagnetic properties of the inclusions, as well as their density.
We then turn to periodic composite materials, in particular metamaterials and photonic crystals. This second concept, derived from natural crystalline structures, concerns the realization of periodic materials made up of patterns of different kinds (dielectric, conductive or metallic), making it possible to define and realize artificial materials, whether passive or active, with remarkable properties that do not exist in nature. Simulation methods are totally different in this case, involving the direct resolution of Maxwell's equations.
In this section, we first look at two-dimensional structures such as frequency-selective surfaces, high-impedance surfaces and metasurfaces. For these structures, we no longer speak of permittivity or permeability, but rather of surface impedance and reflection and transmission coefficients, as they behave like interfaces with special properties between media that can be very different. We then turn to three-dimensional periodic structures.
In conclusion, we look at the main areas of application for these materials.
At the end of the article, readers will find a glossary and a table of symbols used.
This article is one of several on composite materials in electromagnetics:
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KEYWORDS
composite material | metamaterial | metasurface | frequency selective surface | high impedance surface
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Functional materials - Bio-based materials
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Electromagnetic composite materials and metamaterials
Bibliography
Software tools
There are several software tools available for solving Maxwell's equations, either general numerical calculation software (Matlab, Scilab, Octave...), or more specialized software (Ansys, Comsol, CST, Quickfield...). Some are chargeable, others are available free of charge.
Paid tools (some of these products have free student versions) :
Websites
[Europe 2010] Nanostructured Metamaterials https://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/pdf/metamaterials-brochure_en.pdf
Events
Meta Conference http://metaconferences.org/ocs/index.php/META17/META17#.Wk0FiN_iaUk
Metamaterials2017 Conference http://congress2017.metamorphose-vi.org/
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
For information on composite electromagnetic materials and metamaterials, please consult the websites of manufacturers such as :
https://www.siepel.com/http://www.greyminence.fr/absorbants-electromagnetiques.html
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