5. Conclusion

The proliferation of stand-alone devices, combined with the steady decline in their energy consumption, has opened up the possibility of using more and more electronic functions with less and less energy. In particular, this has led to a paradigm shift in terms of power supply, where the limitation of cells and batteries is more related to their self-discharge than to their initial stored energy, especially under moderately severe conditions. For sensor applications, the use of ambient energy converted into electrical form is an attractive alternative. Thanks to the availability of the vibration source and the conversion capabilities of piezoelectric materials, interest in microgenerators based on such elements has been growing.

However, the design of such systems, particularly in view of the many bidirectional couplings, requires particular attention to be paid...