5. Methods

The methods required for the IS have been the subject of formalization and standardization work to which many experts have contributed.

Their authors all warn that these methods are only indicative, and should not be followed to the letter. However, project managers, CIOs and companies are keen to acquire "certifications" which, they believe, will guarantee their efficiency, favour them in the competition and, possibly, provide them with an alibi in the event of failure.

The defensive use of methods encourages sterile formalism: contracts replace cooperation and leadership, useless documents accumulate...