1. Semantic engineering

Leaving aside the complexity of the platform and the diversity of "applications", an IS may seem very simple. Fueled by "data" that someone enters, it processes them to produce "results", then stores the data entered and the results so that they can be consulted: a user never does more than read, write and run processes.

Data is the pairing of a definition (or concept) and a measure, the measure being characterized by the type of data, and the frequency and delay of its updates. Data becomes information when it is communicated to a human being capable of interpreting it.