7. Countermeasure strategies for physical attacks exploiting covert channels (analysis or fault injection)

As we saw earlier, the hardware parts of embedded systems are threatened by physical attacks exploiting numerous hidden channels (power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, photonic emission, etc.). Providing protection, or in other words countermeasures, is a tricky business when it comes to meeting design constraints (power and energy consumption, computing performance, throughput, surface area, etc.). To achieve this, it is necessary to follow a defense-in-depth methodology as presented in section 4.2