2. Direct route
2.1 Principle
In its current state of development, this technology is reserved for bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, which nevertheless account for nearly 80% of current reserves.
Coal mixed with a solvent (figures 10 and
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Unit operations. Chemical reaction engineering
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Direct route
Hydrogen management
Bibliography
Websites
World Coal Institute http://www.worldcoal.org/home/
Events
World CTL Congress http://www.world-ctl2010.com
Economic performance of the CTL sector
The economic performance of the CTL sector is closely linked to the price of coal, which remains cheap compared to other energy sources, and relatively unconnected to the price of crude oil. On the basis of the same quantity of energy (British Thermal Unit BTU), coal costs around half as much as heavy fuel oil, which is itself heavily depreciated in relation to crude oil (figure
Patents
• WO2006010330, Process for direct coal liquefaction, Shenhua Group Corporation, 2006.
• US20050428, Hydroprocessing of heavy oil feedstock to form upgraded material, involves use of colloidal or molecular catalyst dispersed within heavy oil feedstock, hydrocracking reactor and hot separator, HEADWATERS HEAVY OIL LLC (HTI), 2004.
• US4816141, Catalytic two-stage liquefaction of...
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Axens http://www.axens.net
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Shell http://www.shell.com
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
