General aspects

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Figure 1 - Membrane separation principle and terminology

Figure 2 - Transport mechanisms involved in different types of membranes for gas separation

Figure 3 - Relationship between permeability and selectivity for the O2 / H2 couple in polymers (Air Liquide document).

Figure 4 - Asymmetric and composite membranes

Figure 5 - Asymmetrical hollow fiber composites manufactured by Medal (Air Liquide)

Figure 6 - Hollow fiber modules

Figure 7 - Multimodule assembly for high-flow nitrogen generator

Figure 8 - Diagram of a spiral module

Figure 9 - Schematic of a flat module (Document by Sterling Fluid Systems, with permission)

Figure 10 - Three flow configurations commonly found in industrial hollow-fiber modules

Figure 11 - Two configurations of two-stage membrane systems

Figure 12 - Membrane protection

Figure 13 - Three types of flow in a hollow-fiber module idealized by modeling

Figure 15 - Effects of flow configuration on separation performance

Figure 16 - Influence of permselectivity in the case of air separation

Figure 17 - Effect of permselectivity on hydrogen separation

Figure 18 - Influence of high pressure on membrane air separation

Figure 19 - Effects of low pressure on hydrogen separation

Figure 20 - Effects of sweep rate on H2 purity and yield.

Figure 21 - CO2 recycling for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery using a cascade membrane system with two membrane stages

Figure 22 - Process diagram

Figure 23 - Area of competitiveness for nitrogen production using different technologies (Air Liquide document)

Figure 24 - Nitrogen generators

Figure 25 - Membrane/PSA coupling for helium recovery from natural gas

Figure 26 - A process scheme for the recovery of solvents or heavy hydrocarbons using a membrane system