Conclusion

This brief overview of existing industrial processes using heterogeneous catalysis illustrates the wide range of options available to meet the many economic and environmental constraints. The refining industry, rightly regarded as "mature", is still very much on the lookout for ways to improve its performance in the face of ever-stricter regulations (e.g. REACH) and ever-changing markets and resources (e.g. the F ³ Factory project, shale gas and oil). The 2000s saw the emergence of a number of themes linked in particular to the energy transition, some of which, such as the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, are now at the industrial demonstration stage. Similarly, we can mention the new territories for heterogeneous catalysis such as electrocatalysis for energy production (H ₂ from water and...