3. Industrial implementation
3.1 Main industrial nitration agents
3.1.1 Nature of nitrating agents
Industrial nitrating agents are based on nitric acid. As the active species is most often the nitronium ion produced by dehydration of nitric acid, a coacid is often used to maintain the acidity and dehydrating properties of the medium. The most classic mixture is nitric acid-sulfuric acid, but it is also possible to use nitric acid alone in excess, or in a mixture with acetic acid, acetic anhydride or phosphoric acid.
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