4. Batch processes

4.1 Types of reactor used

Almost all of them use an external loop (recirculation pump and heat exchanger) to remove thermal energy, due to the significant cooling required by the highly exothermic reaction.

The reaction mixture can be stirred by :

• recirculation pump only;

• an agitator and a recirculation pump.

Various processes can be used to increase the contact surface between the product coming from the recirculation pump and the oxide. Examples include :

• the BUSS and EC CHEM processes, which are quite similar and where the oxide is introduced via a Venturi-type eductor;

• ...