4. Modeling, from the macroscopic to the microscopic

4.1 Multi-scale approach

The need to deepen knowledge at the microscopic level in order to better apprehend, understand and control what happens at the macroscopic level has led to an interest in multi-scale modeling. The notion of sustainable development is also leading engineers to consider not only how products are manufactured, but also what happens to these products and their installations, integrating the "ecological" scale into their thinking. This multi-scale orientation has been made possible by the rapid growth in the performance of IT tools. This makes it possible to solve increasingly complex mathematical problems, and thus to envisage increasingly detailed models. Figure 10...