1. Industrial manufacturing
1.1 Process principle
It involves reacting carbon dioxide and ammonia under high pressure and at relatively high temperatures (see table 1 ). The result is a liquid phase in which the reactants are in the form of ionized ammonium carbamate, which is then converted to urea by dehydration.
The condensation of ammonia and carbon dioxide is a heterogeneous, highly exothermic conversion reaction:
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Industrial manufacturing
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