5. Kinematic parameters and materials used

Impact velocities were varied between 2 m/s and 5 m/s, and the mass of the impactor carriage was set at 15.157 kg. This choice of parameters covers a range of energies from 30 to 200 J.

The samples are 5.5 mm diameter billets of austenitic stainless steel, standard EN 1.4567 (X3 CrNiCu 18-9-4), or AISI 304Cu. They underwent hyperquenching followed by pickling in a fluonitric medium. Cutting is carried out with an aqueous lubricant solution, enabling precision cutting to within a few hundredths of a millimeter. They are then deburred on a rotary polisher (1200 SiC paper) and immersed for 5 min in an acetone bath subjected to ultrasound.

For the crushing tests, and in order to control the surface parameters of the tools, we used two heaps machined from structurally hardened martensitic stainless steel with a high hardness – of the order of...