4. Process management

The management of cyanide alkaline electroplating processes in general, and copper plating in particular, is complex and difficult to master. The reason for this lies in the various reactions involved, both chemical and electrochemical, as well as the significant effect of temperature on the solubility of potassium carbonate and dihydrogen carbonate, since this difference is accompanied by a shift in the solubility equilibrium between the anions ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$ and ${\text{HCO}}_3^{-}$ (table 5 ). To...