10. Substitutes

For machining aluminum and its alloys, Se-Pb and Te-Pb alloys can be substituted for Bi-Pb alloy.

Bismuth fuses can be replaced by glycerine bulbs, which are sensitive to a sudden rise in temperature, as thermal triggers in water supply pipes.

In precision machining, for the assembly of metal parts, resins can be substituted for cerrobend-type alloys.

For low-temperature welding, indium is a possible substitute for bismuth, although it is not economically viable.

For the treatment of gastric and intestinal disorders, we avoid the risk of bismuth poisoning by using alumina, magnesia and antibiotics instead.

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